Steelman · slot B
Phrenology with a confidence interval
An affective-science researcher would argue —The foundational claim of this industry — that a face or a voice carries legible, universal emotional meaning — is not settled science. It is contested science, and the contest is largely over. Decades of research show that in the US, people scowl when angry only about 35 percent of the time, and scowl for non-angry reasons just as often. Movements don't have inherent emotional meaning; they have relational meaning, shaped by context, culture, and physiognomy. Lauren Rhue's NBA study found the models reading Black players as angrier than white teammates, sometimes while smiling. Most of these products still lean on Paul Ekman's basic-emotions theory, which has been challenged for decades as oversimplistic. Variation is the norm. Selling certainty about feelings, and letting hiring and firing decisions ride on it, isn't an engineering problem to be refined away — it's a category error.</p>